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Table 3 Pairwise comparisons according to linear mixed-effects model of modified Borg scale, visual analogue scale (VAS) and cough (logarithmic scale).

From: Cough and dyspnea during bronchoconstriction: comparison of different stimuli

Cough

Comparisons

Mean Difference*

95% CI

p-value

   Bradykinin × Exercise

2.79

(1.83; 3.76)

< 0.01

   Bradykinin × Methacholine

2.22

(1.12; 3.32)

< 0.01

   Exercise × Methacholine

-0.58

(-1.69; 0.53)

0.31

Dyspnea – Borg

Comparisons

Mean Difference*

95% CI

p-value

   Bradykinin × Exercise

1.20

(-0.41; 2.81)

0.15

   Bradykinin × Methacholine

0.59

(-1.23; 2.43)

0.52

   Exercise × Methacholine

-0.60

(-2.46; 1.25)

0.52

Dyspnea – VAS

Comparisons

Mean Difference*

95% CI

p-value

   Bradykinin × Exercise

1.76

(0.09; 3.42)

0.04

   Bradykinin × Methacholine

2.28

(0.39; 4.18)

0.02

   Exercise × Methacholine

0.53

(-1.39; 2.44)

0.59

  1. CI: confidence interval. *The model was adjusted by intercept, age, gender, atopy status, body mass index, FEV1, baseline FEV1, bradykinin, methacholine and exercise, baseline symptom, inhaled corticosteroid dose and tests sequence.